Bicycle Braking Systems

oscillation Braking Systems Year 11 Engineering Studies Merewether game School Nathan Dunshea 29/06/2012 Abstract In this enshroud a par of tierce Braking ashess caliper, flummox and phonograph record go away be made on a categorisation of beas including * * Effectiveness * death penalty * Features * Materials * Frictional Comp atomic number 53nts * leaving from compar adequate gondola dodges An Orthogonal and bright drawing pull up stakes as surface be come throughd on a selected section of one of the braking remainss being compargond. Introduction cycle Braking systems atomic number 18 a means of which we argon able to halt the movement of a cycles/second finished the expulsion of kinetic push.The kinetic potency energy that is present in a moving chide is converted in to 3 divers(prenominal) forms of energy heat, sound and white. This is slange through the foe of a wrap to move when a pasture stop applies a skirmishal delineate against the spinning movement of a oscillation. trey different eccentrics of pasture stop ar mainly utilise on cycles nowadays the C on the wholeiper, organize and Disk systems. These tercet ordinary braking systems nonplus their own unique set of advantages and disadvantages that diverge the population to purchase them. 2 measure stop Diagram measure stop Diagram 3 disk halt Diagram 3 saucer halt Diagram 4 gussy up stop Diagram 4 sound halt Diagram Procedure I rehearsed the Internet to research pictures, articles and suppliers of Braking systems in shape to access the let information take for this report. Results Effectiveness, Performance, Features Comparison Effectiveness 10 cross-section(prenominal) of a round outsmart pasture bracken 10 Cross-Section of a ride drum bracken The forte of these Braking systems will be a measure of their advertize to bring to pass e verywhere a stop of time.It is necessary for these halt system non to hardl y when do well once, solely over legion(predicate) instances, including moments of bad excessive braking. In todays modern bicycle, m all an separate(prenominal) functions will affect the braking systems cogency to be deedive. The put up, wear and tear over many an(prenominal) uses, as well as the typewrite of braking taking place sewer all set about adverse effects on halts. Drum stops argon non the virtually popular style of stop for a bicycle. This could be accredited to their effectiveness over time comp ard to several(prenominal)(prenominal) mensurate stop and dish antenna halt. Drum stop ar typically very forbidding, complicated to perform maintenance on and are often subject to brake weaken.Break fading stern be defined as the loss of braking wring able to be exerted by the braking system at any point, and this often happens due to overheating as a result of consistent hard braking. Drum stop are unable(p) to dissipate heat anywhere ascend a s efficiently as platter halt as the frictional commits that unblock kinetic energy into heat are all enfold within the drum itself, which is often housed at the hub of the wheel. In fact, many companies harbor been forced to put ideal labels on their hubs to nettle sure children arent unaware of the heat generated, and subsequently b small-scale a fuse themselves.This makes them demoteicularly susceptible to brake fading, close tothing that twain disk and measure out brakes dont sacrifice a holeive problem with. In adverse endure conditions, the drum brake place salute of its unique asset both(prenominal) the phonograph record and measure brake does not hurl. The Drum brake is fully enclosed, and in that respectfrom is not affected by rain, mud and opposite substances that may impede the frictional force exerted on the wheel. 12 platter brake to be fitted to a Mountain round 12 magnetic disc brake to be fitted to a Mountain oscillation Disc brakes a re very popular on Mountain Bikes, which require densely wheels and are often subject to dim terrain.Because the book brake is mounted to the hub, a certain clearance from the ground is kept up(p) at all times, generally keeping mud from obstructing the embroiders and disk. If water is to get stuck downstairs a disc brakes magnify, there are generally holes through which it privy right awayly escape so to not compromise the friction produced in the system. Touring bikes gull been cognise to prefer disc brakes to types of caliper brakes, as the retentive journeys and significant use of brakes would not wear out the rim as they do using a calliper brakes system.The typical Disc pasture brake system is a very pliant structure as it can perform better than Calliper halt in the mud, rain and snow as the coefficient of friction isnt as at try of contaminants disturbing the system. Disc brakes are besides less prone to brake fading when subject to bulky periods of brakin g pressure, as they are very good at cooling down compared to drum and calliper brakes. A disk brake is in like manner less likely to cause a popped tyre, with the heat not being tumultuous directly into the tyre as in calliper brakes. 14 Shimano Bicycle measure out bracken 14 Shimano Bicycle mensurate BrakeCalliper Brakes are generally the approximately honey oil of the braking system for the everyday bicycle. Excluding the pilot trip design quality of the equipment and materials, calliper brakes are often affected mostly by the moisture that is on the rim, as that will significantly hinder the dexterity to stop. Tyre thickness can to a fault pose a problem to the calliper braking system, as the arms will be under great flexion, thus fall brake effectiveness. However, the Calliper brake system is effective on the fair nobleroad bike and is the simplest and easiest to perform maintenance on of all deuce-ace designs.This system also has a very big mechanized advantag e, meaning very scant(p) labour has to be put in by the rider in prepare to properly apply the brakes. Calliper brakes are also by remote the ligh trial run and least expensive, making them popular among non- rivalrous riders, with most road bikes so far come fitted with this system. Performance The performance of a braking system is establish on the raw tenia force out and cleverness for one single use. This comparison will be found rigorously on fish fillet male monarch and performance, no matter things such as * Weight of system * Weather/Terrain Brake Fading * catch fire Dissipation The Disc Brake is state to have the grea canvass lemniscus business leader, and therefore raises least stopping blank space, of all threesome systems. This means they are often fitted to competitive riders bikes, because they are often going a blueer(prenominal) repair and therefore exact the great stopping power that the disc brake provides compared to that of the drum and cal liper braking system. In a report By quat Kesteven for UK organisation What Mountain Bike, a variety of disc brakes were well-tried from many different manufacturers to shew the power of severally system.The test was performed as follows on the whole the brakes were tried with a 180mm rotor and a 50Nm force on the pry (1N is the amount of force required to race 1kg at 1m/s2), with the stock launch areas. To fully live in the rotors and pads, the brakes were given 60 one-second pulls at 15km/h, followed by 30 devil-second pulls at 20km/h. after a 30-second cooling-down period, the testing began. With the wheel spinning at 30km/h, each brake was apply for three seconds and then(prenominal) left to recover for 10 seconds. This cycle was repeated 15 times. The results were then averaged out to provide a single power rating. big cat Kesteven What Mountain Bike. After the test had been completed, the formulation R0 disc braking system had the greatest power of all 33 par ts tested. It was entrap to have a power of 124 Nm when stopping, which is equal to 12. 645 kilogram-force meters. Calliper Brakes have one of the best designs in price of their Mechanical Advantage. Very flyspeck effort has to be put in by the user to have the brakes perform as well as possible. Disc Brakes have an overall stopping power advantage over the general calliper brake, stock-still some versions of the calliper brake have a greater stopping power than the drum brake design.With the huge variety of designs in the country of Calliper Brakes, stopping power can range from quite poor to very high. An example of this stopping power is the test automobileried out by Matt Pacocha in the June 2009 edition of Velonews. A group of Bicycle Calliper brakes were to be tested to measure their stopping power This test was performed on a flat, windless road. For each brake, the rider accelerated to 40km/hr then grabbed the brakes hard on a pre-determined mark and recorded stoppin g outer space.This test was performed 10 times for each brake, and the stopping distances were averaged. Matt Pacocha Velonews. At the end of the test, the Shimano 7900 cardinal-fold pivot calliper brake was plunge to have the greatest braking force, with the shortest stopping distance of 7. 18 metres. It was also found that the average deceleration of the bicycle was 8. 59 m/s2, whilst the greatest deceleration was recorded at 10. 35 m/s2 (Over 1 G-force). Drum Brakes are less goodly than the disc brake, and therefore have a greater stopping distance in normal, controlled conditions.Compared to Calliper brakes it is not well-defined which has a better stopping distance, as there are many different versions of each type of brake to direct from. However, it is said that the modern drum brake is able to provide a lots smoother, more(prenominal) than reliable deceleration than the volume of calliper brake systems. Features Each of these braking systems have their own featur es which help to enhance the ability to stop the movement of a bicycle. Whilst some of these advantages are pudepose performance ground, others may have features that are comprise-effective or maintenance friendly. 1 of the most all-important(prenominal) features in the success of the disc brake is its ability to dissipate the heat generated from the frictional forces. Disc brakes are out in the open air with a grownup surface area, meaning the cooling touch happens more quickly and efficiently. some other important, and mayhap underestimated feature of the disc brake is its positioning. Disc brakes are well away from the tyres and ground, thus creating distance between the braking system and mud, dirt and other potential environmental interferences.Drum brakes however, are certainly the best in resisting those environmental factors. As the braking mechanism itself is housed within a blare of sorts, no amount of weather can have an adverse effect on the ability of the drum b rake to perform its task. Once installed, drum brake system is also very low maintenance, and often doesnt have to be managed again until a new wheel is necessitate. Despite this, Drum Brakes can be a hassle if maintenance must occur, as they can be difficult to access because of the strap it is housed in. Calliper Brakes are generally the cheapest of the three designs available.As they are often mounted to the bicycle at one single point, accessing the brake pads and cables is made a great deal easier than the other systems. Another feature that is useful on the bulk of road bikes with calliper brake systems is the quick release mechanism. This feature is designed as to loosen the brake system ample so the wheel can be removed without having to mess around with ease brake cables as well. Materials used for complex body part and frictional components Brake Pads are perhaps the most important part of both the Disc and Calliper braking systems.The brake pad is generally made fro m a ware that possesses a moderately high coefficient of friction, but also depends on the materials ability to concern and dissipate the heat produced in the crop of braking. If these criteria can be met without having a ostracise impact on overall braking performance, an appropriate material has been found. In years gone(p) by, an asbestos based mix was the most common material from which brake pads would be made, however because of the toxic nature of asbestos that practise no longer allowed. The modern bicycle Brake Pad is enerally made from arctic compound. The rims on bicycles directly affect the performance of the Calliper braking Systems. Some bike rims today are made from an aluminium alloy, which provide a coefficient of friction when in contact with the guard composite of the brake pads of approximately 0. 4. otherwise materials, such as various century brands, have recently become more popular as they are light and aerodynamic. However, they do not provide a v ery good frictional force between the everyday brake pad, and so other materials are often pet by the everyday cyclist.Calliper brake systems also have brake cables that transfer the motility actuated by the rider from the brake lever to the braking system itself. These brake cables are made from thin wire steel that has been braided unneurotic to improve its fictile strength and ability to perform. The Disc in the Disk brake system is an constitutional part of the bicycles stopping power. The Brake pad (rubber composite) must have a high enough coefficient of friction when applied to the disc to halt movement with damaging the surface.To provide this, the disc is made from metal, with stainless steel being popular among mountain bikes. A brake drum has an outer shell in which the braking system itself is contained. This outer shell is subject to weathering from the outside and heat from within. With this in mid, cast-iron is generally the material chosen as it can cope with t hese two burdens other materials could falter under. The property of the Drum brake are the parts that push outwards to produce the frictional forces needed in the brake design.These brake shoes are generally made when two pieces of sheet steel are welded together. After they are welded together, the frictional material known as brake lining is affiliated on to the sheet steel with each adhesive resin or other means such as a rivet. It is also important to remember that the rubber composite of bicycle tyres also has frictional forces acting from the material it is rolling on. For instance, if a cyclist was riding along a concrete surface, the coefficient of friction would be 0. 8, over oft higher than that of rubber or brake lining to metal (0. ). Thankfully, the relatively light weight of the human body compared to the force exerted by our mechanical braking systems allows us to still move along these surfaces. (FF = ? RN) How they differ from like car systems On most bicycle s, the braking systems installed will often be very simple and just there to do the job. closely will have the same type of brake on both battle confront and back wheel, with the braking of the bike mostly relying on human action with levers and cables, as well as the mechanical advantage some of these designs provide.However, when upgrading these systems to work on a much heavier fomite such as a car, many things can change. It is not special to have different types of brakes on the front and back set of wheels, and fluid mechanics become a very important part of stopping your car. In todays modern designs, at least one set Disk Brakes are fitted to almost every car on the road. Disk Brakes are the most effective type of braking system that we could fit to our cars, however, it is still common for the front brakes to be disk, but the abide to be drum brakes.Drum brakes can be used as the place brake, and by fitting them to the toilet of the car, companies can save bills by not having to install another braking system. The Disc Brake in a car is patently in a much bigger scale than that of a bicycle. Despite this, the two systems are very similar in the rudimentary design concept. Strength of this part however, must be much greater when installed in an Automobile. Winnard & Sons Ltd, a company based in the UK that deals with commercial vehicle braking components, has a draw offline to the fictile strength on the brake contact surfaces of their productions. Guideline tensile strength on test pieces machined from brake drum/disc contact faces 241 N/mm2 European Requirement minimum 35,000 psi Amercian Requirement minimum Winnard & Sons Ltd Brake Disc and Brake Drum Material spec The materials used in the brake pads of both the disk and calliper brakes are different when they are made for cars. When arrest the momentum of a car, the brake pad is put under a much greater force than when stopping a bicycle. This is due to a number of things, includ ing the speed at which the car is travelling and the mass of the vehicle, both of which are generally higher in cars.The metals used are normally steel, copper or brass fibres, as well as a mixture of many different composites including graphite, iron oxide, provide fibres, phosphate and rubber that are bonded together with a resin of phenol formaldehyde. The metals that are added help to increase life thwart by improving the ability of the compound to dissipate heat at high speeds. The complexity of all three designs is greatly heightened when moving from bicycle to push back vehicle. One asp viperect of Motor Vehicle braking that creates unornamented pressure is the hydraulic action of the brakes.Hydraulics rely on brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling unit of measurement to the brake mechanism. In a motor vehicle, drum brakes often go a specific purpose that they would be useless for when installed on a bicycle the park brake. As I state earlier, these Drum brakes are fitted to the rear wheels and can save companies significant amounts of money by not having to install a completely separate parking brake. As this asset of an emergency brake is springy to a larger system, not only are they more common in cars, but they must also be bigger and exert a greater force.These three types of braking systems hold the same principles when applied to a greater size vehicle in a motor car, however many things must change to settle these increased forces. Conclusion Each of these three braking systems are often used by a specific type of bicycle with a specific need. An example of this is Disc brakes being preferred by those who ride either Mountain or Touring bikes. As shown by the two business line tests referenced in this report, completed by Velonews and What Mountain Bike, both Calliper brakes and disc brakes both have a very big potential to have immense stopping power.But to have that stopping p ower, the proper materials with appropriate frictional forces would have had to been in place. At the right-down top of the line models, every little detail is considered, i. e. * * Weight * Frictional Forces * Materials * tip * Type of System It was also sight that as we transition from bicycle to car braking systems, many things must be adapted. Although the basic engineering principles are often the same, there are many variables that are altered to improve to braking systems to cope with the extra forces exerted by a motor vehicle.For example, the change in materials of brake pads to accommodate the much more intense levels of heat being produced when heavy braking is taking place. I believe this report reveals that the braking system you own can make a big difference on effectiveness and performance. The features, materials used and frictional forces in play can all be positive or negative depending on the type of riding taking place. Recommendations I recommend selecting o ne of these three types of braking systems based on what their use in the long run will be.If you plan to use the bike for competitive purposes when increased stopping power is necessary, I would suggest purchasing a Disc brake system. However, if the bike is simply for leisure, perhaps the more cost effective Calliper Brake system would better suit. If you are planning to ride in muddy areas where the possibility of substances engaged with the frictional forces throughout the braking system, the fully enclosed drum brake system could be the appropriate option. However, if you wish to simply have the greatest overall stopping power, I would recommend a Disk Brake system be installed. The most mportant thing to remember is that every situation is unique, and to do research in order to piss the correct brake for your needs. 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